Архитектура в стиле рококо

Architecture in the Rococo style

Rococo (FR. rococo, from the French. rocaille - decorative shell, turtle, rocaille) is a style in art that emerged in France in the first half of the eighteenth century during the reign of the Regent Philip of Orleans, uncle of Louis XV. This style system partly continues the features inherited from the Baroque, but greatly alters them. Rococo style emerged in France during the crisis of absolutism, repulsing the typical aristocracy hedonistic mood, attraction to escape from reality in the illusory and idyllic world of theatrical games. Rococo - a product of the exclusively secular culture, courtyard of the French aristocracy. However, it has managed not only to leave the swim in art, but also to influence its subsequent development.

The world is a small form found its main expression in the applied arts - furniture, ware, bronze, porcelain and architecture primarily on the nature of the decor, which acquired the pretentiously refined, underlined by a refined and sophisticated look. The interior was important now is not lush and majestic, and pleasant and comfortable. Houses that are built in this period, as a rule, strictly classical in exterior. Inside the walls are broken panels, niches, densely decorated with paintings, stucco, gilding, small plastic, decorative fabrics, bronze, porcelain, mirrors.

The philosophy of the Rococo style was determined by women-favorites of the king: the Marquis de Pompadour, Madame Dubari, Maria Leshchinskaya. Rococo considers more important the occasion, the exquisite pleasure and love. Hidden pavilions, Chinese houses, cozy grottoes. The intimacy and cosiness of the premises of the Rococo was created due to the much smaller and special decoration. The characteristic features of Rococo are refinement, great decorative load of interiors and compositions, graceful ornamental rhythm, great attention to mythology, erotic situations, personal comfort. The highest development in architecture style received in Bavaria. Subsequently, the Rococo style changed to Neoclassicism.

The center of the formation of a new culture of the XVIII century was not the Palace interior, but the salon. Instead of a huge ceremonial halls of the Baroque appear small, elegant salons of the Rococo. The Rococo style did not bring any new structural elements to the architecture, but used the old one, not squeezing itself with their use by any traditions and having in the form, mainly, the achievement of decorative effectiveness. Rococo architecture tends to be light, friendly, playful be-sho-be; it does not care about the appropriateness of the forms of parts of the structure, and disposes of them as you like, at the behest of whim, avoids strict symmetry.

For Rococo typical small rooms with rounded corners or oval in plan. In the creations of this architecture, straight lines and flat surfaces almost disappear, or at least are masked by the curly treatment. The walls are divided into thin rods into separate panels, arranged in two rows. The bottom row played the role of the panel. The columns are then extended, then shortened and twisted helically, their capitals are distorted by flirtatious changes and increases. Instead of columns, capitals appear thin raised border panels, tape weave, ornamental decorations, grotesques. High pilasters and huge caryatids prop up minor performances with a strongly prominent cornice forward. Roofs are supported on the edge of balustrades of bottle-shaped balusters and placed at a distance from one another pedestals with vases or statues.

Rococo architects tried to smooth the corner between the wall and the ceiling with the help of a paduga - a smooth semicircular transition, which was decorated with a thin ornamental relief. As well as in the Baroque period, much attention was paid to the ceiling plafonds, but during this period the ceiling again became flat. A distinctive feature of Rococo is a small stylized thin relief ornament in the form of interlacing, grotesques, curls, convex shields, incorrectly surrounded by the same curls, masks, flower garlands and festoons, and rocaille - an ornament in the form of turtles. Rocaille becomes the main motif of the decor. Ornamentation is used everywhere-in the frame of Windows, doors, wall spaces inside the house, in plafonds.

Rococo style sought to visually destroy the design of the house. For these purposes, large-scale paintings and huge mirrors were used. To visually expand the space of small rooms, mirror surfaces were located opposite one another, and to increase the amount of daylight - in front of the window. To remove the feeling of massiveness of the walls and floors and add ease and lightness to the interiors, the Windows were located almost in one plane with the wall.

Despite this lack of rationality in the use of architectonic elements and capriciousness, the Rococo style has left many monuments that still attract with its originality, luxury and cheerful beauty. This Versailles Palace in France, Dresden Zwinger in Germany, the Winter Palace and other houses Rastrelli in Russia. Rococo takes us to the era of ruddy, whitewash, flies and powdered wigs, not for nothing that the Germans called this style Zopfstil.

At that time, Paris was already overpopulated and very densely built, because the architects were given not too many opportunities to create architectural masterpieces. The main concern and attention was surrounded by the interior, as well as interior items and accessories. It was in the Rococo era for the first time there is an idea of the interior as an integral ensemble: the stylistic unity of the house, the decor of walls, ceilings, furniture.

Due to some historical features and worldview of the time, the Rococo style left the most noticeable trace not in large monumental forms, but in interior items and accessories. Rococo is a style based on details. The fashionable word is bagatelle (FR. trifle, bauble). It was in the Rococo era for the first time there is an idea of the interior as an integral ensemble: the stylistic unity of the house, the decor of walls, ceilings, furniture. The combination of openwork forms, complex ornament and transparent, bright colors gave rise to a festive, really enchanting spectacle. All Rococo art is built on asymmetry, which creates a sense of concern - playful mocking, inventive.

Ceiling, floor and walls

At the beginning of the XVIII century Baroque motifs changed the style of Regency - in the processing of the premises appeared fractional ornament and complex curved shape. Closer to the middle of the century, the Regency took its own position Rococo in all its exquisite splendor.

In interior architecture appear slim, raised carved and moulded frame, weave, patterns, swirls, broken cartouches, mask-head Amuru and grotesques in connection with rakhilim. Rockaille-sea shell-is the main motive, in fact, that gave the name to the style, it is used literally everywhere: shelves, walls, furniture, small accessories.