Theory and practice of Translation

Қазақстан Республикасының білім және ғылым министрлігі

Көкшетау гуманитарлы-техникалық колледжі

Ministry of Education and Science of Republic of Kazakhstan Humanitarian and Technical College

КУРСТЫҚ ЖҰМЫС

COURSE PAPER

Пәні: “Аударманының теориясы және практикасы”

Тақырабы:”Көркем аударманың ерекшеліктері”

The discipline: “Theory and practice of Translation

The theme: English Tenses

Орындаған 3 курс 37ПД тобының оқушысы:          Санжарбекова Т. С.

Executed by the student of the group 37:                     Sanzharbekova T. S.

Тексерген екінші санаттағы арнайы пәндер оқутышысы:          Закирина A.K.

Supervisor:                                                                                        Zakirina A.K.

Көкшетау, 2021

Kokshetau, 2021

PLAN

INTRODUCTION…………………………………………………………………….3

CHAPTER 1. Verb. Its main grammatical categories…………………………………5

1.1. Temporality category……………………………………………………………..5

1.2. English verb aspect category……………………………………………………...7

1.3. Voice category of an English verb………………………………………………...8

1.4. Mood category of an English verb……………………………………………….11

CHAPTER 2. General characteristics of paradigmatic categories……………………16

2.1 Indefinite Tense…………………………………………………………………..16

2.2 Continuous Tense………………………………………………………………...18

2.3 Perfect Tense……………………………………………………………………..20

2.4 Perfect Continuous Tense……………………………………………………...…22

CONCLUSION……………………………………………………………………...23

BIBLIOGRAPHY…………………………………………………………………...24

INTRODUCTION

     The English verb has a very developed system of tense forms, the opposition of the active and passive voice, the opposition of the indicative, subjunctive and imperative moods. These are the main verb categories, covering the whole system of the verb as a whole. In addition, there are residual, defective forms of face and number; whether they can be categorized is a moot point, since they do not represent a systemic series of forms (for example, in the preterite of verbs, with the exception of the verb to be, these forms are absent altogether).

     All of these categories operate within the limits of personal forms. But there are, in addition, non-personal forms - participle, gerund, infinitive - having special functions and conveying other relationships than personal forms.

     The leading category in the system of types of temporary forms is the category of time. Real time - the form of the existence of matter - is in constant motion and is constantly changing. Verb tenses in real speech can reflect real time, where the reference point is the actual moment of speech. But verb tense forms also express conditional time, in which the reference point does not coincide with the real moment of speech. In any fixed text, the verb tense is conditional; due to its fixedness, it “lags behind” real time. Therefore, as a rule, in a written text, the verb time is always conditional; the exception is, perhaps, the texts presenting such scientific data that continue to remain relevant in a given period of time (real). In works of fiction, time is always conditional: the author arbitrarily chooses the starting point around which the narrative is built.

     However, the ratio of real and conditional time does not affect. It affects the functioning of types of temporary forms: the same forms are used to denote real and conditional time. Recall that real time can only be reflected in live oral communication; fixing it in writing immediately gives it a conditional character.

     The grammatical category of time (tense) is the relation of the action to the moment of reference, which is, first of all, the conditional moment of speech. The segment of time, including the moment of speech, is the present tense; this segment can have the most varied length, from a period measured in minutes (in direct speech) to an infinite temporal space. The past is a period of time preceding the present and not including the moment of speech; future - the length of time expected after the present, also not including the moment of speech. Past and future never touch: they are separated by the present.

     The correlation with the moment of speech is valid for verb forms that convey the dynamic development of the action. However, along with this, there are types of temporal forms, the function of which is to detail the action in a certain temporal

sphere, rather than its dynamic development. If the action refers to the present, these forms are correlated with the moment of speech. If the detailing they express concerns an action in the past tense, they are correlated with a starting point in the past; it can be indicated lexically or with the help of another action taking place at the moment, but then there is no direct correlation with the moment of speech. We will call this reference point the temporary center of the past tense. The time center itself is correlated with the moment of speech through dynamic action; but the detailing forms are related only to this center: “As we drank Brown's health, I caught his dark, vigilant

eye. He had tamed Winslow for the moment; he was showing Jago at his best.”

     The had tamed and was showing forms do not develop actions during time, they are not dynamic; they detail the position things, denoted by the verbs drank and caught, which are pointers to the temporal center, i.e. starting point in the past.

     In the future tense for detailing forms, it is also noted temporary center; however, correlation with it is found in texts rarely, apparently due to the fact that coherent narratives solid segments are uncharacteristic of the future.