Subject, tasks and theoretical issues of the history of linguistics

1. BASIC QUESTIONS IN THE HISTORY OF LANGUAGE

I. Subject, tasks and theoretical issues of the history of linguistics.

II. Scientific directions in the history of linguistics and systematization.

III. Questions of periodization of the history of linguistics.

I. Within the framework of any science, its history is studied, which deals with various theories, trends and directions that have existed in it for a significant period of time. Now these theories are considered critically, from the point of view of the current state of science, in order to analyze and evaluate them in terms of the prospects for the development of science. The history of science suggests that any of its achievements should not be discarded: it should be subjected to analysis, it should be given a definite interpretation and determine its place in modern science. The history of any science is convincing in its continuity. None of the theories appears from scratch, none of the scientific schools exists in isolation. All of them exist in a certain paradigm - not only the paradigm of scientific knowledge, but in the paradigm of the historical setting, the paradigm of the life of society. For a new theory to appear, a number of conditions are required. This is not only the amount of accumulated knowledge, but also the needs of society for this knowledge. Therefore, any scientific school, trend, tradition, even just any theory cannot be isolated phenomena: they are associated with more ancient traditions, often come into contact with other modern theories, collecting in themselves various achievements - not only knowledge from one science or another, but also from related sciences and other branches of knowledge. Precisely because in all modern concepts of any branch of knowledge we find the ideas of authors of past centuries, it is clear how important it is to study the history of science. Of course, not all theories are successful: some theories replace others, supplement, cancel and even deny others. However, one can never say that in a particular theory turns out to be completely untenable: an old theory may become the property of a subsequent stage in the development of science and receive a new interpretation, a new interpretation already in new theories and hypotheses.

The history of linguistics, like the history of any science, poses a number of tasks: 1. Description of various ways, methods of studying the language in a particular historical period of time (antiquity, the Middle Ages, the Renaissance, modern times).

2. Establishing the relationship between various theories, between different schools that describe the language, and the philosophical views of their authors, the philosophical paradigm of a certain period.

3. Attempts to explain dissimilar descriptions and interpretations of the same phenomena by different scientific schools and directions throughout the history of the development of the science of language.

4. Analysis and interpretation of the general scientific, first of all, the philosophical base of linguistic theories, as well as taking into account the practical and theoretical needs of society.

5. Show the laws of the development of linguistic thought, assessing the contribution of trends, theories, schools and individuals in the development of linguistics. The history of linguistics as a science is largely international in nature. Of course, there are many national traditions in the history of linguistics - Indian, Chinese, ancient (Roman and Greek), Arabic, therefore the history of linguistics shows and especially emphasizes the contribution of individual peoples, but many of these traditions have become the property of the whole world. Among the fundamental theoretical problems of the history of linguistics in the textbook "History of Linguistics" are named the following: 1. Establishment of the methodological foundations of the history of linguistics and determining the place of this discipline in the system of human knowledge. 2. Determination of the subject and tasks of the history of linguistics. 3. Definitions of the basic concepts of this discipline. 4. Establishing the relationship of the discipline with other sciences, especially with philosophy. 5. Development of the basic principles of the periodization of the history of linguistics.

Establishment of the internal logic of the development of linguistics [Amirova 2005, 8].

The history of linguistics as a history of the study of linguistic thought is a completely necessary linguistic discipline, because it guides researchers in methods, principles, approaches to analyzing language facts and language processes, shows the principles of language research and, especially, demonstrates continuity in the development of the main problems of linguistics.

II. The history of linguistics as the history of any science deals with special units of description. These units are actually scientific linguistic theories. Other units are: schools, directions, scientific traditions and, finally, stages, periods in the history of the development of science. Each of these terms is larger or smaller in volume, in the scope of linguistic theories, in chronological extent. A certain set of theories suggests a scientific school, a set of scientific schools creates a scientific direction, and so on. From the point of view of linguistic science, systematization can also act as a periodization of scientific theories, scientific schools and directions. As you know, the history of linguistics begins with the time when there is a certain written tradition, that is, when a certain number of written texts appear, and when there is a need to interpret these texts, to teach language, including written, in describing a language with a variety of purposes. It is written speech, graphs the cheeky recording of oral speech, the rules for reading recorded have led to the need to study these phenomena. It is very interesting that it was the writing system that caused the appearance of various linguistic traditions. So, the Chinese tradition is based on Chinese hieroglyphics, where the character has a certain meaning and is not a sound unit. Indian tradition is based on the Indian syllable letter Devanagari, where one sign corresponds to one syllable. And finally, the ancient tradition is associated with sound writing, where one sign corresponds to one sound. Based on this tradition, the description of most of the European, so-called "traditional" languages known to us is based. The description of these languages has the richest linguistic tradition.

As is generally believed, the history of linguistics is divided into two large, but completely not equal in duration stages. The