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Практическая работа по "Физике"

Автор:   •  Сентябрь 10, 2018  •  Практическая работа  •  4,138 Слов (17 Страниц)  •  448 Просмотры

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  1. How pumps are classified in general?

Types of pump: Dynamic &Positive Displacement

    Dynamic: Centrifugal &Axial

    Centrifugal: Radial &Mixed

Mixed: Vertical horizontal

Positive Displacement: Reciprocating &Rotary

   Reciprocating: Piston &Diaphragm

    Rotary: Gear & Lobe &Screw

  1. What is centrifugal force? Explain and give an example.

In Newtonian mechanics, the centrifugal force is an inertial force (also called a "fictitious" or "pseudo" force) directed away from the axis of rotation that appears to act on all objects when viewed in a rotating frame of reference

This is force in moving object in circular path. And this force is force pulling object outside from center of circle. 

В механике Ньютона центробежная сила представляет собой инерционную силу (также называемую «фиктивной» или «псевдо» силой), направленную от оси вращения, которая, как представляется, действует на все объекты, если смотреть во вращающейся системе отсчета

Это сила движущегося объекта по круговой траектории. И эта сила - сила, тянущая объект снаружи от центра круга.

  1. What is the difference between positive displacement pump and dynamic pump?

The main difference between positive displacement pump and dynamic pump is that positive displacement

pumps will move fluid at the same speed regardless of the pressure on the inlet end and dynamic pump will not.

Positive Displacement pumps apply pressure directly to the liquid by a reciprocating piston, or by rotating

members.

Dynamic Pump generate high rotational velocities, then convert the resulting kinetic energy of the liquid to

pressure energy.

Основное различие между насосом с принудительным вытеснением и динамическим насосом заключается в том, что положительное смещение

насосы будут перемещать жидкость с одинаковой скоростью независимо от давления на входе, а динамический насос не будет.

Положительные насосы смещения оказывают давление непосредственно на жидкость поршневым поршнем или вращением

члены. Динамический насос генерирует высокие скорости вращения, затем преобразует полученную кинетическую энергию жидкости в

энергия давления.

  1. What is working principle of centrifugal pump?

Works on the principle of centrifugal force. This is the force that pushes the liquid away from the centre (intangential direction). Converting Prime Mover energy into Mechanical energy through shaft . Converting Mechanical energy into fluid energy impeller. Converting kinetic Energy into pressure energy through the volute casing.

Работает по принципу центробежной силы. Это сила, которая отталкивает жидкость от центра (бесправное направление). Преобразование энергии Prime Mover в механическую энергию через вал. Преобразование механической энергии в рабочее колесо рабочей жидкости. Преобразование кинетической энергии в энергию давления через спиральный корпус.

  1. What is working principle of positive displacement pump?

Positive Displacement Pump has an expanding cavity on the suction side of the pump and a decreasing cavity on the discharge side. Liquid is allowed to flow into the pump as the cavity on the suction side expands and the liquid is forced out of the discharge as the cavity collapses.

Положительный смещающий насос имеет расширяющуюся полость на стороне всасывания насоса и уменьшающуюся полость на стороне нагнетания. Жидкость может течь в насос, когда полость на стороне всасывания расширяется, и жидкость выходит из разряда, когда полость разрушается

  1. What does stroke of plunger mean?

Plunger pumps are reciprocating positive displacement pumps. These consist of a cylinder with a reciprocating plunger. The suction and discharge valves are mounted in the head of the cylinder. In the suction stroke the plunger retracts and the suction valves open causing suction of fluid into the cylinder. In the forward stroke the plunger pushes the liquid out of the discharge valve.

Плунжерные насосы представляют собой поршневые насосы с рабочим объемом. Они состоят из цилиндра с поршневым поршнем. Всасывающий и выпускной клапаны установлены в головке цилиндра. По ходу всасывания поршень втягивается и открываются всасывающие клапаны, вызывая всасывание жидкости в цилиндр. При прямом ходу поршень выталкивает жидкость из выпускного клапана.

  1. How is a distance of stroke movement called?

Stroke length

  1. What shall we do first during centrifugal pump start up procedure? Explain why?

1. Close all drains and vent lines after priming the pump.

2. Check that force-feed lubricators, seal oil system and water cooling systems are fully operational.

3. Open the suction block valve to its fullest extent.

4. f the pump is being started to relieve another pump, then open the discharge block valve fully. If, however, the

flow will be through a line that has been out of service, then the discharge block valve should only be opened.

5. Press the pump start button or switch and check for an increase in lube oil pressure.

6. Gradually open the discharge block valve (if not already opened in step 4).

7. Check the discharge flow controller for the desired flow rate and make any adjustments to the set point that may be necessary.

1. Закройте все стоки и вентиляционные линии после заливки насоса.

2. Убедитесь, что смазочные устройства с принудительной подачей, система масляного уплотнения и системы водяного охлаждения полностью работоспособны.

3. Откройте клапан всасывающего клапана в максимально возможной степени.

4. При запуске насоса для сброса другого насоса, затем полностью откройте клапан выпускного клапана. Если, однако,

поток будет проходить через линию, которая не работает, тогда клапан выпускного клапана должен быть открыт.

5. Нажмите кнопку запуска насоса или переключатель и проверьте увеличение давления смазочного масла.

6. Постепенно откройте клапан выпускного клапана (если он еще не открыт на шаге 4).

7. Проверьте регулятор расхода на наличие требуемого расхода и внесите какие-либо корректировки в заданное значение, которое может потребоваться.

  1. Does positive displacement pump require priming?

Positive displacement pump doesn’t require priming.the reciprocating pump is an example of positive

displacement pump,create much pressure so that the fluid can trapped in cavity of cylinder and piston moveforward and forced the liquid in discharge pipe...hence positive displacement pump is also called as self-priming pumps

Положительный вытеснительный насос не требует грунтования. Поршневой насос является примером положительного

вытесняющий насос, создает большое давление, так что жидкость может задерживаться в полости цилиндра и поршня двигаться вперед и заставлять жидкость в выпускной трубе ... поэтому насос с принудительным вытеснением также называют самовсасывающими насосами

  1. What problems in pump does cavitation cause?

Cavitation:It is the process in which bubbles are formed due to sufficient Pressure drop at the suction of the pump.

Bubble Formation inside a pump.

Growth of bubbles.

Collapse of bubble.

Cavitations.

Produces shock waves.

Кавитация. Это процесс, при котором пузырьки образуются из-за достаточного падения давления при всасывании насоса.

Формирование пузырьков внутри насоса.

Рост пузырьков.

Крах пузыря.

Кавитация.

Производит ударные волны.

  1. How to eliminate cavitation? Symptoms of cavitation

Drop in pressure at the suction nozzle due to low NPSHa. Increase of the temperature of the pumped liquid .

Increase in the fluid velocity at pump suction .Reduction of the flow at pump suction.Undesirable flow conditions caused by obstructions or sharp elbows in the suction piping .

The pump is not selected correctly

Снижение давления на всасывающей насадке из-за низкого NPSHa. Повышение температуры перекачиваемой жидкости.

Увеличение скорости жидкости при всасывании насоса. Снижение расхода при всасывании насоса. Нежелательные условия потока, вызванные препятствиями или острыми локтями во всасывающем трубопроводе.

Насос выбран неправильно

  1. What does API stand for?  Where and how do you use it?

  1. Where do you put pressure relief valve on positive displacement pump?

After pump

  1. What is valve? What classification of valves?

Valves are mechanical devices that controls the flow and pressure

within a system or process. They are essential components of a piping

system that conveys liquids, gases, vapors, slurries etc.

Клапаны представляют собой механические устройства, которые управляют потоком и давлением

в рамках системы или процесса. Они являются важными компонентами трубопровода

система, которая передает жидкости, газы, пары, суспензии и т. д.

  1. What classification of pump diaphragm pump relates?

Drive Mechanisms

The diaphragm in diaphragm pumps can be driven by a number of different mechanisms.

Mechanical

Hydraulic

Solenoid

Air

Single or Double Action

Приводные механизмы

Диафрагма в диафрагменных насосах может управляться несколькими различными механизмами.

механический

Гидравлический

соленоид

Воздух

Однократное или двойное действие

  1. What is the difference between duplex and simplex pump?

A simplex pump, sometimes referred to as a single pump, is a pump having a single liquid (pump) cylinder. A duplex pump is the equivalent of two simplex pumps placed side by side on the same foundation.The driving of the pistons of a duplex pump is arranged in such a manner that when one piston is on its upstroke the other piston is on its downstroke, and vice versa. This arrangement doubles the capacity of the duplex pump compared to a simplex pump of comparable design.

Симплексный насос, иногда называемый одним насосом, представляет собой насос с одним жидкостным (насосным) цилиндром. Дуплексный насос эквивалентен двум симплексным насосам, расположенным бок о бок на одном фундаменте. Привод поршней дуплексного насоса устроен таким образом, что, когда один поршень находится на своем ходу, другой поршень находится на своем ходу вниз, и наоборот. Эта компоновка удваивает емкость дуплексного насоса по сравнению с симплексным насосом аналогичной конструкции.

  1. Can we increase volume of liquid discharged from pump?

Yes. The increase in fiction slows the flow of liquid and decreases discharge capacity

Увеличение художественной литературы замедляет поток жидкости и уменьшает емкость разряда

  1. If you have a pump that has a gear, rotating and pieces slide in. How this type of pump is called?

Positivedisplacementpumps

  1. What is the difference between internal and external gear pump?

Internal gear pump- Operates a “gear within a gear” principle, whereby one gear (the idler) is positioned inside another
gear (the rotor).

-Works to moderate pressures

-Can handle high temperature fluids[pic 1]

External Gear pump - Two identical gears positioned side by side, rotating into one another. One gear is driven by the motor and
in turn moves the other gear.

- Works to higher pressures.

-For medium/low temperature fluids.[pic 2]

Внутренний шестеренчатый насос - управляет принципом «шестерня в пределах шестерни», в результате чего одна шестерня (простоя) находится внутри другого

шестерня (ротор).

-Услуги для умеренного давления

-Сохранять высокотемпературные жидкости

Внешний шестеренчатый насос - две идентичные шестерни, расположенные бок о бок, вращающиеся друг в друга. Одна передача приводится в действие двигателем и

в свою очередь, перемещает другую передачу.

- Работает с более высоким давлением.

-Для средних / низких температур.

  1. How many gears should be mounted in gear pump? How are they called?

2-1

The larger gear is called  as Wheel (annular wheel)and smaller is called as pinion

Большая передача называется колесом (кольцевое колесо), а меньшая называется шестерней

  1. What is packing used for in pump?

  1. What is a functional responsibility of bearings in stuffing box?

The essence of the stuffing box is that on the outside of the lid or housing in the place where the stem passes through them, a stuffing box is created, into which the packing material is packed-stuffing packing

Сущность сальниковой коробки заключается в том, что на внешней стороне крышки или корпуса в месте, где проходит шток, создается сальниковая коробка, в которую упаковочный материал представляет собой упакованную набивку

  1.         What is  purpose of a shaft? Detail explanation

The basic purpose of a centrifugal pump shaft is to transmit the torques encountered when starting and during operation while supporting the impeller and other rotating parts. It must do this job with a deflection less than the minimum clearance between the rotating and stationary parts.

Основная цель вала центробежного насоса заключается в передаче крутящих моментов, возникающих при запуске и во время работы, поддерживая рабочее колесо и другие вращающиеся детали. Он должен выполнять эту работу с прогибом меньше минимального зазора между вращающимися и неподвижными частями.

  1. What 2 kinds of prime mover energy sources you know? Explain

Thermal prime movers which use the thermal energy of source to generator power. Non thermal these kind of prime prime movers does not use the heat energy to convert it to the mechanical power.

Тепловые первичные двигатели, которые используют тепловую энергию источника для мощности генератора. Нетермические эти первичные первичные двигатели не используют тепловую энергию для преобразования ее в механическую мощность.

  1. What does prime mover refer?

Prime mover is a technical term of art in science and engineering meaning any machine that converts energy from a source energy into mechanical energy

Первичный двигатель - технический термин искусства в науке и технике, означающий любую машину, которая преобразует энергию из энергии источника в механическую энергию

  1. Why should we install bypass line?

In the event of a pump failure, we use an auxiliary line which called bypass line

В случае отказа насоса мы используем вспомогательную линию, которая называется обходной линией

  1. What is N.P.S.H available and N.P.S.H required?

Since pressure lower than those in the suction pipe will develop in the impeller eye, it is usually necessary to determine experimentally, for a given pump, the required NPSHr.

Available NPSH, denoted NPSHa ,represents the head that actually occurs for the particular flow system. This

value can be determined experimentally, or calculated if the system parameters are known.

Так как давление в всасывающей трубе будет ниже, чем у всасывающей трубы, обычно необходимо определить экспериментально для данного насоса требуемый NPSHr.

Доступный NPSH, обозначенный как NPSHa, представляет собой головку, которая фактически встречается для конкретной системы потока. Эта

значение может быть определено экспериментально или рассчитано, если известны параметры системы.

  1. What does static suction head mean? Sketch a drawing of that

Static suction head is the vertical distance in feet from the centre line of the pump to the free level of the liquid to be pumped

Статическая всасывающая головка - это вертикальное расстояние в футах от центральной линии насоса до свободного уровня жидкости, подлежащей закачке

  1. What does static suction lift?

Negative head on suction side of pump in absence of flow, if pressure at the point is below than 0

Отрицательная головка на стороне всасывания насоса в отсутствие потока, если давление в точке ниже 0

  1. What is total static head?

The static head, sometimes referred to as the pressure head is a term primarily used in hydraulics  to denote the static pressure in a pipe, channel, or ducked flow (проточный)

Статический напор, иногда называемый напорный термин в основном используется в гидравлике, чтобы обозначить статическое давление в трубе, канале или нырнул поток (проточный)

  1. What equals atmospheric pressure?

Atmospheric pressure, sometimes also called barometric pressure, is the pressure within the atmosphere of Earth. The standard atmosphere is a unit of pressuredefined as 101325 Pa (1.01325 bar), equivalent to 760 mmHg (torr), 29.92 inches Hg and 14.696 psi.

Атмосферное давление, иногда также называемое барометрическим давлением, является давлением в атмосфере Земли. Стандартная атмосфера представляет собой единицу давления, определяемую как 101325 Па (1,01325 бар), что эквивалентно 760 мм рт.ст. (торр), 29,92 дюйма ртутного столба и 14,696 фунтов на квадратный дюйм.

  1. If you dive into the sea, how hydrostatic pressure affects you?

You can feel an increase of pressure on your eardrums. This is due to an increase in hydrostatic pressure, the force per unit area exerted by a liquid on an object. The deeper you go under the sea, the greater the pressure of the water pushing down on you.

Вы можете почувствовать увеличение давления на барабанные перепонки. Это связано с увеличением гидростатического давления, силой на единицу площади, создаваемой жидкостью на объекте. Чем глубже вы идете под морем, тем сильнее давление воды на ва

  1. What formula of force?

F=ma

F=mg

F=P*A

  1. What is measurement unit of force?

N – {Newton}

  1. What substances does a pump transfer?

Reciprocating piston pumpsare widely used for transporting crude oil through

pipelines.

  1. What substances does a compressor transfer?

When natural gas does not have sufficient potential energy to flow, a compressor station is needed. Five types of compressor stations are generally used in the natural gas production industry.

  1. What is volumetric efficiency? Unit of efficiency

The volumetric efficiency represents the efficiency of a compressor cylinder to

compress gas. It may be defined as the ratio of the volume of gas actually delivered to the piston displacement, corrected to suction temperature and pressure. Unit %

Объемная эффективность представляет эффективность цилиндра компрессора для

сжимать газ. Его можно определить как отношение объема газа, фактически доставляемого к смещению поршня, с поправкой на температуру и давление всасывания. Ед. изм %

  1. What is power efficiency?

n=

  1. There is a pressure gauge indicating 15 kPa  in suction side of pump, and in discharge side a gauge which indicates 50 kPa, what would equal pressure drop?

  1. If the tank is open what equals the pressure at this points?

P=P1-P2=15- 50=35kPa

P=1000*9.8*10=98kPa

  1. What is the typical construction of well?

  1. If a reservoir does not have enough pressure. In addition, water oil ratio is nearly 90%. What type of artificial lift you have to use?

Artificial lift type is beam lift

  1. What range of production efficiency could give us if natural drive mechanism is water flooding?

Точно табаалмадым но где-то 30%-45% болу керек.

  1. What considers well completion activities?

Well Completion, in petroleum production, is the process of making a well ready for production (or injection). This principally involves preparing the bottom of the hole to the required specifications, running in the production tubing and its associated down hole tools as well as perforating and stimulating as required. Sometimes, the process of running in and cementing the casing is also included.

  1. Explain the types of well completion.

Completions can be divided into three categories: open hole completions, liner completions,

and Cased hole completions.

OPEN HOLE COMPLETIONS: In an open hole well completion the production casing is just set

above the pay zone, while the entire deepen bottom of pay zone is left uncased.

ADVANTAGES•Maximum exposure of pay zone •Less pressure drawdown during flow •No

formation damage occurs due to cementing and perforation. •Less formation damage

DISADVANTAGES•Inability to plug off water or gas zones •Inability to stimulate the separate

zones within the productive zones.

CASED HOLE COMPLETIONS: For the most common type of well completion today involves the

cased hole completion, in which the production casing and liner are cemented and perforated

subsequently. •Select the sections of the pay zone we wish to produce •Stimulate the

separate pay zone from the well •Multiple completion zones

LINER COMPLETIONS: A Liner is installed across the pay zone •It can be divided into two:

Screen Liner and perforated liner •Screen Liner : Casing is set above the producing zone and

an uncemented screen and liner assembly is installed across the pay zone

  1. In which application we do gravel packing completion.

Some wells require filtration systems in order to keep the wellstream clear of sand. In addition to running a casing with a liner, gravel packing is used to prevent sand from entering the wellstream.

  1. What is a function of BOP? Has BOP been utilizing during a well life?

A blowout preventer (BOP) is a large, specialized valve or similar mechanical device, used to seal, control and monitor oil and gas wells to prevent blowouts, the uncontrolled release of crude oil and/or natural gas from a well. They are usually installed in stacks of other valves.

  1. What is a standard length of one pipe?

The standard length of pipe is 9 m or 10m

  1. What is EUE?

EU is a kind of external upset oil pipe joint,  there are three biano logos related to EU. EUE (External Upset End) represents outside the thick end[pic 3]

  1. What is NUE?

NU is a kind of non-upset oil pipe joint, in addition to no external upset, NU is usually 10 threads per inch and EU is 8 threads per inch. NUE represents a non thickening end or end thickening[pic 4]

  1. What should be noticed in selecting size of casing?

Casing size selection is determined from the inside outward and it starts from the bottom holе

  1. What is measurement unit of oil production rate?

Oil production is measured and reported in barrels, or “bbl.” Production rates are typically reported in terms of barrels per day, which may be abbreviated in several different ways, including bpd, b/d and bbl/d. Production volume may be rounded to the nearest thousand or million barrels, denoted with “m” or “mm,” respectively.

  1. What is measurement unit of gas production rate?

Gas production is measured and reported in cubic feet at a standardized temperature and pressure of 60 degrees Fahrenheit and 14.65 pounds per square inch. Similar to oil production figures, gas production is often reported in shorthand of million, billion or trillion cubic feet, denoted by “mmcf” and “Bcf” or “Tcf,” respectively. Global gas production is often reported in cubic meters to simplify the large volumes.

  1. What does H-40 stand for either in selecting tubing or casing?

H40—Although an API grade, H40 is generally not used in tubing sizes because the yield strength is relatively low and the cost saving over J55 is minimal. Suppliers do not commonly stock this grade.

  1. What does annulus space refer?

Annular Space is the space between an object which is inserted into another circular object such as a pipe. The space can also be offset which means that object is not centralized

  1. How to find internal diameter if OD is 10.750’’, wall thickness is 0.562’’ (convert to in mm)?

The internal diameter measures the inside of the object. Calculating the internal diameter depends on the outside diameter and the thickness of the outer circle.

OD 10.7500     Wall  is 0.562      ID Calculated10.7500

  1. Describe the following information 2500 m; 177.8 mm; L-80; 34.22 kg/m; 8 rd. LT&C; smls casing

length 2500m, outside diameter 117.8mm, L-type of metal, 80 – max. yield strength,34.22 kg/m – weight per meter, 8rd – has 8 zubov, etc.

  1. What is the main components of wellhead system?

[pic 5]

  1. What is tubing head used?

tubing head (n.) - Equipment attached to the casing spool used to hang the tubing (smallest casing string) and seal the annulus between the tubing and casing

  1. What is purpose of casing head?

In oil drilling, a casing head is a simple metal flange welded or screwed onto the top of the conductor pipe (also known as drive-pipe) or the casing and forms part of the wellhead system for the well. This is the primary interface for the surface pressure control equipment, for example blowout preventers (for well drilling) or the Christmas tree (for well production).

  1. List two tertiary recovery methods.

The principal tertiary recovery techniques used are thermal methods, gas injection and chemical flooding.

  1. What does a mandrel relate?

A bar, shaft or spindle around which other components are arranged or assembled.

  1. Describe downhole tools of rod pump

[pic 6]

  1. Name two types of acid commonly used to inject in order to do stimulation.

HCL and HF

  1. What refers to as hydraulic fracturing?

Hydraulic fracturing - involves the high-pressure injection of ‘fracking fluid’ into a wellbore to create

cracks in the deep-rock formations through which natural gas, petroleum, and brine will flow more

freely. When the hydraulic pressure is removed from the well, small grains of hydraulic fracturing

proppants hold the fractures open.

  1. Where is a proppant  used?

  1. Describe a surface equipment of rod pump.

Surface unit including wellhead equipment and walking beam

  1. What is the application of gear reducer box?

- reduces the prime mover speed to acceptable pumping speed

- counterweights attached to offset the moment of the well load

  1. What negative effects causes H2S and CO2 in oil and gas industry?

Карозия,

  1. What is the main working components of progressive cavity pump?

It transfers fluid by means of the progress, through the pump, of a sequence of small, fixed shape, discrete cavities, as its rotor is turned.[pic 7]

The helical rotor and the two universal joints of the drive mechanism

[pic 8]

cutaway drawing of the rubber stator.

[pic 9]

Shape of the cavities left between the rotor and the stator.

  1. List 2 types of downhole pump of rod pumps.

  • Up stroke
  • Down Stroke
  1. What is the function of choke valve?

This choke arrangement reduces wellhead pressure and enhances oil production rate as a result of gas expansion in the tubing string. For gas wells, use of down-hole chokes minimizes the gas hydrate problem in the well stream.

  1. What type of valve is wing valve?

a check valve provided with wings to guide the valve to its seat

Valve located on the christmas tree, but not in the vertical run, which can be used to shut off well flow.

  1. Shall we completely open wing valve to have well stream flowing?

The term wing valve typically is used when referring to the flowing wing.

  1. Where is a beam  balanced pumping unit used?

Pumping pumping units are widely used in the oil industry, which serves about two thirds of artificially lifted oil wells . When the natural drive pressure in the well is too low to encourage crude oil to the surface, artificial pump blocks can be  used to raise liquid from the reservoir.

  1. What equals total load at  the upstroke of pumpjack?

  1. What equals total load at the downstroke?
  1. Describe a work of downhole tools at pumpjack’s upstroke

      On the up stroke the TV is closed trapping the fluid in the tubing above it and moving it up one stroke length.

      During the up stoke the standing valve is free to open and let the barrel fill with well fluids

  1. Describe a work of downhole tools at pumpjack’sdownstroke

There is a down-hole pump located at bottom of tubing. There are 2 ball check valves in this pump. There is a stationary valve located at bottom known as standing valve and there is another valve on piston connected to bottom of sucker rods known as traveling valve.

 The traveling valve travels up & down as rods reciprocate. The fluid in reservoir enters from formation in to bottom of borehole via perforations which are made through cement and casing.

                      From slide ;

          The down hole pump is a barrel and a plunger.

 During the down stroke, the standing valve is forced to close and the traveling valve opens. This allows the fluid collected in the barrel on the upstroke to move up above the plunger through the now open TV,

  1. When you are selecting tubing how to calculate weight of either tubing or casing?

...

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