Контрольная работа по "Иностранному языку"

1. What types of decisions do usually managers make?

        The decisions managers make can be classified into four major types: financing decisions, resource allocation decisions, production decisions and marketing decisions.
        The key aspects of financial decision-making relate to financing, investment, dividends and working capital management. Allocation decisions are related to the proper allocation of an organization's resources across its various divisions. Production and marketing decisions are related to the issues of what needs to be produced, in what volumes, as well as at what prices and how to sell products.

2. What accounting principles and assumptions do you know?

Accounting principles:
        1.Consistency principle. Companies can choose their accounting policies – their way of doing their accounts. But in choosing accounting policies they have to be consistent – which means using the same methods every year, unless there is a good reason to change a policy.
        2. The historical cost principle states that companies record the original purchase price of assets and not their (estimated) current selling price or replacement cost.
        3. The full-disclosure principle states that financial reporting must include all significant information.
        4. The principle of materiality says that very small and unimportant amounts do not need to be shown.
        5. The principle of conservatism (prudence) is that where different accounting methods are possible, you choose the one that is least likely to overstate or over-estimate assets or income.
        6. The objectivity principle says that accounts should be based on facts and not on personal opinions or feelings.
        7. The revenue recognition principle is that revenue is recognized in the accounting period in which it is earned. This means the revenue is recorded when a service is provided or goods delivered, not when they are paid for.
        8. The matching principle states that each cost or expense related to revenue earned must be recorded in the same accounting period as the revenue it helped to earn.
        Assumptions:
        1. Separate (business)entity - a business is an accounting unit separate from its owners, creditors, managers and their assets.
        2. Time-period - the economic life of the business can be divided into (artificial) time periods such as the financial year, or a quarter of it.
        3. Continuity or going concern - a business will continue into the future.
        4. Unit-of-measure - all financial transactions are in a single monetary unit or currency.

3. What are the basic reports that the external users require on a regular basis?

        There are three basic reports that the business organization uses on a regular basis: income statement, statement of capital and balance sheet.
        Cashflow statement shows money actually coming into and going out of a company in a particular period: cash inflows and outflows. It represents a restructuring and a more detailed presentation of entries found in other statements. The cashflow statement reports actual cash generated at a point in time, thus avoiding the problem of accruals. Usually, the cashflow statement breaks down the cash inflow and outflow activities into three broad categories: cash from operating activities, cash from investment activities and cash from financing activities. Net cashflow from operations is the money generated by the sales of the company’s goods or services, minus the money spent on supplies, staff salaries, etc. in the period. Net cashflow from investment activities is the result of purchases of securities in other companies, money received from sales of securities in other companies, loans made to borrows, loans repaid, and loan interest paid by borrowers, purchase of land, buildings and equipment. Net cashflow from financing activities is the result of money received through short-term borrowing, money repaid in short-term borrowing, money received through issuing new shares and/or bonds in the company, dividends paid to shareholders.

5. What kind of qualities does a good accountant need? Are they the same for an auditor?

        An accountant should be confident, with a good knowledge of company finance and legislation, but also approachable and good at communicating with people.
        There are a few personal characteristics that are important for an auditor to have. First auditors should posses a strong ethical framework. Then good communication skills allow auditors to have a rapport with a variety of employees, managers, directors and external parties. Strong interpersonal skills are also important, due to the variety of informational requests. Furthermore, auditors need to be team players, as the scope of the audit can be fairly large. Finally, “professional skepticism” is an important trait to have, especially when reviewing a company's internal controls.

1. Какие решения обычно принимают менеджеры?

Решения, принимаемые менеджерами, можно разделить на четыре основных типа: финансовые решения, решения о распределении ресурсов, производственные решения и маркетинговые решения.
        Ключевые аспекты принятия финансовых решений связаны с финансированием, инвестициями, дивидендами и управлением оборотным капиталом. Решения о распределении связаны с правильным распределением ресурсов организации между ее различными подразделениями. Производственные и маркетинговые решения связаны с вопросами о том, что нужно производить, в каких объемах, а также по каким ценам и как продавать продукцию.

2. Какие принципы и допущения бухгалтерского учета вам известны?

Принципы бухгалтерского учета:

1. принцип последовательности. Компании могут выбирать свою учетную политику – свой способ ведения счетов. Но при выборе учетной политики они должны быть последовательными – что означает использование одних и тех же методов каждый год, если нет веской причины для изменения политики.

2. принцип исторической стоимости гласит, что компании регистрируют первоначальную цену покупки активов, а не их (предполагаемую) текущую цену продажи или восстановительную стоимость.