The shape and size of prokaryotes

                       Faculty «Faculty of Food Technology»

                        Departament «Food biotechnology»

                        Discipline VK Mik 2209 «Microbiology»

                               Iws

                 Subject. The shape and size of prokaryotes

                                                                  Еxecuted: Bakiev Samir                        

                                                                   Group: ТБ 22-21

                                                                   Tested: Tolky Abdigalieva

    Plan

І   Introduction. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .  . . . . . .  . .  . . . . . . . . 3

ІІ   Main section. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .  4

Two levels of cellular organization: prokaryotic and eukaryotic.. . . . . . . . . . . .  5

Habitats and conditions of bacteria. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .  6

The size of the bacterial cell.. . . . . .  . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 7

Forms of bacterial cells.. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 8

ІІІ  Conclusion. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .   9

Used Literature . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .   10

Introduction.

Prokaryotic cells are typically much smaller than eukaryotic cells, ranging from 0.2 to 2 micrometers in diameter. Their smaller size allows for a higher surface area-to-volume ratio, aiding in nutrient exchange.

Understanding the diverse shapes and sizes of prokaryotes is essential in studying their functions, ecological roles, and potential applications in various fields.

Prokaryotes are fundamental organisms, and their study is of strategic importance in biology. That's why:

Biological diversity: Prokaryotes make up a huge biological diversity, occupying various ecological niches, from the depths of the ocean to the soil and intestines of animals.

Environmental role: Prokaryotes play a key role in ecosystems, participating in the cycle of substances, decomposing organic substances and providing important environmental services.

Biotechnology and Medicine: The study of prokaryotes is essential for the development of biotechnological processes, drug production, and the fight against bacterial infections.

Model Organisms: Some prokaryotes, such as Escherichia coli, serve as a model for understanding fundamental biological processes.

Evolutionary History: Prokaryotes existed much earlier than eukaryotes and provide a unique perspective for studying the evolution of life on Earth.

In general, the study of prokaryotes is essential for understanding life and is the basis for many areas of science and industry.

Main section.

Eukaryotic

Eukaryotes are higher organisms with a nucleus and a more complex cell organization. That's why their importance cannot be overemphasized:

Kernel and Organelles: Eukaryotic cells have a nucleus in which genetic material is stored and organelles such as mitochondria and chloroplasts, which perform key functions in providing energy and metabolic processes.

Biological Diversity: Eukaryotes form a huge variety of organisms, including plants, animals, fungi and protists, each of which has unique structures and functions.

Multicellularity: Many eukaryotes form multicellular organisms, which leads to a high degree of organization and specialization of cells.

Higher Functions: Eukaryotic organisms exhibit complex functions, such as specialized tissues, organ systems, reproduction through sexual and asexual processes.

Medical significance: Many pathogens among eukaryotes (e.g. protozoa, helminths) cause diseases of humans and other animals.Biotechnology: Eukaryotic cells are used in biotechnology to produce proteins, medicines, and other products.In general, the study of eukaryotic organisms is fundamental to understanding the higher forms of life and has wide applications in science, medicine and industry.

Evolutionary Connection: Eukaryotes are the result of a complex evolutionary process and provide a unique perspective for studying the mechanisms of life development on Earth. Their similarities and differences with prokaryotes help to reveal the history of evolution.

Adaptation to Diverse Environments: Eukaryotes have successfully adapted to a wide variety of environments, including land, water and air, which emphasizes their ability to versatile environmental adaptation.Complex Signaling Pathways: Eukaryotic cells have complex signaling pathways that control many processes, including growth, development and response to the environment.

Biogeocenosis formation: Eukaryotes play a key role in the formation of biogeocenoses, where many species interact to form sustainable ecosystems.

The study of eukaryotic organisms provides a deep understanding of wildlife, its diversity and functionality, which is the basis for various fields of biology and scientific research.

Habitats and conditions of bacteria.

The habitats of bacteria are very diverse and cover a wide range of ecosystems. Here are some of the key habitats of bacteria:

Soil: Bacteria are abundant in the soil, where they perform important functions in nutrient cycles and participate in the decomposition of organic matter.