London. Sights of London

Министерство образования, науки и молодежной политики

Краснодарского края

Государственное бюджетное профессиональное образовательное учреждение Краснодарского края

«Приморско-Ахтарский техникум индустрии и сервиса»

(ГБПОУ КК ПАТИС)

РЕФЕРАТ

по общеобразовательной дисциплине: Английский язык

ТЕМА:

London. Sights of London

Выполнила обучающаяся

1 курса, группы 12

Стекольщикова Ангелина Альбертовна

Дата сдачи «____»_________2023

Руководитель:

Бондарева Елена Андреевна

Подпись

_______________________

2023г

Contents:

1. Introduction

2. History of London

3. Tower of London

4. Trafalgar Square

5. Madame Tussauds Museum

6. St. Paul's Cathedral

7.Westminster Abbey

8. Parliament Building

9. Ceremonial processions, cavalcades and ceremonies

10. London Parks

11. Buckingham Palace 

12. Conclusion

13. List of literatureIntroduction

London - is the most beautiful European capital, combining the most modern infrastructure and traditions of the past. Its amazing traditions amaze people all over the world. This city occupies one of the first places in terms of the number of tourists per year. Greater London covers an area of 1,579 square kilometers and is home to 7.1 million people, of whom 2.7 million live in central London. The capital of Great Britain is one of the tourist centers of the world, currently it is visited annually by 10 million travelers, it is attracted by its centuries-old history, 160 city museums, 80 parks, medieval and modern architecture, famous theaters and unique taste.

History of London

The exact time of the first settlements in modern London is unknown. The origin of the name is also unclear (attempts to link the word "London" with Celtic roots are not sufficiently proven). The reliable history of the city begins 43 years after the invasion of Britain by the legions of the Roman Emperor Claudius. The city was founded where Roman engineers managed to build a wooden bridge over the Thames. The Romans built Londinium on the model of their cities, building first an earthen wall around a pile wall, and then, in the 4th century, an earthen wall. Roman times were of great importance to the history of London.

Even then, the combination of good country roads and an important waterway — the Thames — made the city an important trading center not only for the UK, but also for the whole of Northern Europe and largely determined its further development. The first buildings were built on Corn Hill, then the city was located to the west of St. Paul's Hill. Londinium quickly became the largest center of Britain, and only 51 years later the historian Tacitus described the city as "a city of merchants, a famous trading center". The neighborhoods located near the center were built of brick and stone, where rich citizens lived. They were positioned by climbers towards the streets and formed a rectangular grid.

The houses were very cozy: during the excavations, not only fragments of paintings and mosaics were found, but also the remains of bathrooms and air heaters. Initially, the city was protected by a small fortress located to the northwest of the settlement. Traces of its rectangular ground plan, common to a Roman military camp, preserve the direction of modern roads south of Gripple Gate. As the Roman Empire collapsed and its legions weakened, Londinium gained more and more powerful fortifications. In the second century, the construction of a wall around the city began, which lasted for several decades. Built of limestone from Kent, about 3 meters thick, it has been updated and supplemented over the centuries, but has retained its overall appearance and significance as a crucial element of the city's structure.

In the 4th century, Londinium was increasingly attacked by barbarians from Northern Europe. Trade collapsed and the population shrank. Finally, in 410, the Emperor Honorius withdrew the Roman legions from England, and Londinium was abandoned for many decades. And yet the fortified Castle Tower of London has taken over. Relying on this citadel, he controlled the city and its surroundings. At this time, England completed the formation of feudal relations, disparate territories united into one state, which accelerated its economic development. In the 12th century, the city of Westminster towered over the settlements bordering London, built around a 7th-century monastery. On the south bank of the Thames, in front of London Bridge, which was rebuilt in stone between 1176 and 1209, the fortified suburb of Southwark began to develop, protecting access to the bridge and ferry.

The Tower of London

This is the name of the palace and fortress founded by William the Conqueror in the XI century to protect the city and intimidate the townspeople. In a book celebrating the Tower's 900th anniversary, the Duke of Edinburgh wrote that throughout its history, the Tower of Edinburgh has been a fortress, a palace, a royal jewelry warehouse, an arsenal, a mint, a prison, an observatory, a zoo and a tourist attraction.

Of the existing buildings, only the Great White Tower belongs to the oldest, the Norman period. It was built in 1078 and today gives a complete picture of the construction equipment used in the construction of Norman fortifications.