Архітектурний модернізм

Індивідуальна робота

з науково-технічного перекладу

на тему: «Архітектурний модернізм»

з дисципліни:
«Наукова іноземна мова»

2019

Зміст

• Modern architecture.....................................………………………………….…….........3
• Переклад тексту «Архітектурний модернізм»…...……………..……………….........7
• Summary…………………………..……………………………………………………11
• Анотація…………………………………………………………………………….….12
• Questions……………..…………………………………………………………….…...13
• Glossary of terms for text…………………………………………………………….....14
• Literature………………………………………………………………………………..15

• Modern architecture

Modern architecture, or modernist architecture was based upon new and innovative technologies of construction, particularly the use of glass, steel and reinforced concrete; the idea that form should follow function (→functionalism); an embrace of minimalism; and a rejection of ornament.

Modern architecture is the buildings and building practices of the late 19th and 20th centuries. Among notable early modern architectural projects are richly decorated buildings in Glasgow, Scotland, by Charles Rennie Mackintosh; imaginative designs for a city of the future by Italian visionary Antonio Sant'Elia; and houses with flowing interior spaces and projecting roofs by the American pioneer of modernism, Frank Lloyd Wright. Important modern buildings include the sleek villas by Peter Behrens and Walter Gropius; and steel and glass skyscrapers designed by architect Ludwig Mies van der Rohe.
Modern architects also different in their understanding of historal traditional. While some abandoned historical references, others used careful references to the past to enhance to modernity of their designs. Italian architect Antonio Sant'Elia rejected traditional architecture in his Futurist Manifesto in 1914 (Futurism). He called each generation to build its houses anew and celebrated glass, steel, and concrete as a materials to make this possible. The modern designs of his countrymen Giuseppe Terragni, on the other hand, referred explicitly to the past. Terragni's Casa del Fascio in Como, Italy, featured an inner atrium for public assembly inspired by the courtyard of Italian Renaissance palaces, and windows laid out according to ancient Greek and Roman theories of ideal architectural proportions. [3]

Modern architecture also challenged traditional ideas about the tipe of structures suitable for architectural design. Important civil buildings, aristocratic palaces, churches, and public institutions had long been the mainstay of architectural practices, but modernist designers argued that architect should design all that was necessary for society. They
began to plan low-cost housing, railroad stations, factories, warehouse, and commercial spaces. In the first half of the 20th century many modernists produced housing as well as furniture, textile, and wallpaper to create a totally designed domestic environment.

Developments in two materials - iron and concrete - formed the technological basis for much modern architecture. In 1779 English architect Thmas Pritchard designed the first structure built entirely of cast iron: Ironbridge, a bridge over the River Severn in England. Another Englishmen experimented with a compound of lime, clay, sand and iron slag to produce concrete. Iron had been used since antiquity to tie building elements together, but after the election of Ironbridge it took a new role as a primary structural material. Builders throughout Europe and North America began to erect warehouse with beams of iron instead of wood and to create storefronts with cast-iron facades.

Eiffel Tower, Paris, was built for the World's Fair in 1889. French engineer Alexandre-Gustave Eiffel designed it as a cross-braced latticed girder with minimum wind resistance. Constructed from over 7 000 tons of highest quality wrought iron, it is a masterpiece of wrought-iron technology.

The Crystal Palace, built entirely of cast iron and glass, was an early example of modern, functional architecture. It was designed by architect Sir Joseph Paxton for the first universal fair, the Great Exhibition of 1851.

Improvements in concrete ran parallel to developments in iron and steel technology. In 1892 French engineer Francois Hennebique combined the strengths of both in a new system of construction based on concrete reinforcement with steel. His invention made possible effects: extremely thin walls with large areas of glass; roofs that cantilever (project out from supports) to previously impossible distances; enormous spans without supporting columns of beam; and corners formed of glass rather than stone, brick or wood. [1]