Политика Сингапура в сфере борьбы с коррупцией

Shaken Arailym

ГиМУ19-11

                                          Brief explanation

                                       (краткое объяснение)

Analysis of national legislation of foreign countries in the field of combating corruption (Singapore, South Korea, USA, Russia)

Анализ национальных законодательств зарубежных государств в сфере борьбы с коррупцией (Сингапур, Южная Корея, США, Россия)

Phenomena related to corruption in the public service system have been detected and are being detected in almost any State. However, this does not mean that corruption is the same everywhere and always. The reasons for its occurrence and spread in the public service systems of various states are very diverse, therefore, attempts to develop universal administrative and legal means to prevent and suppress corruption seem unrealistic. At the same time, it should be noted that "there are no foreign crises in the global world, especially since they overtake close neighbors. The chain of corruption stigmatizes one state after another: it undermines the well-being of developed countries and exacerbates the poverty of third world countries"

Явления, связанные с коррупцией в системе государственной службы, обнаруживались  и обнаруживаются  практически в любом государстве. Однако это не означает, что коррупция везде и всегда одинакова. Причины ее возникновения и распространения в системах государственной службы различных государств весьма разнообразны, поэтому и попытки выработать универсальные административно-правовые средства по предупреждению и пресечению коррупции представляются малореальными. Вместе с тем, следует отметить, что «чужих кризисов в глобальном мире не бывает, тем более что они настигают близких соседей. Цепочка коррупции ставит клеймо на одном государстве за другим: подрывает благосостояние развитых и усугубляет бедность стран третьего мира».

Let's start with the fact that in Western countries, the training of highly qualified personnel for public service has a centuries-old tradition. So, by order of Napoleon, the higher elite school was founded – "Ecole Polytechnic", which for many years became a training center for professional civil servants. At one time, O. Bismarck noted, "with bad laws and good officials, management is still possible, but no laws will help with bad officials."¹

The system of selection and training of civil servants in foreign countries (USA, Great Britain, France, Germany), their social status, the important role they play in regulating socio-economic processes taking place in society, contribute to the formation of elite morality in this layer.

Начнем с того, что в  государствах  запада  подготовка  высококвалифицированных  кадров  для  государственной  службы  имеет  вековые  традиции. Так, по  приказу  Наполеона   была  основана  высшая  элитарная  школа – «Эколь  Политекник»,  которая  на  долгие  годы  стала  центром  подготовки  профессиональных  государственных  служащих.  В  свое  время   О. Бисмарк  отмечал,  «с  плохими  законами  и  хорошими  чиновниками  управление  еще  возможно,  но  с  плохими  чиновниками  не  помогут  никакие  законы».¹

Система  отбора  и  подготовки  государственных  служащих  в  зарубежных  странах  (США,  Великобритания,  Франция,  Германия),  их  социальный  статус,  та  важная  роль,  которую  они  играют  в  деле  регулирования  социально-экономическими  процессами,  происходящими  в  обществе,  способствуют  формированию  в  этом  слое  элитарной  морали.

Considering these important points, it is still necessary to turn to the experience of younger countries that also went through the stages of socio-economic transformation - Singapore, South Korea and, in particular, its capital Seoul. The US anti-corruption policy also deserves attention. The experience of these countries, as carriers of the category of the least corrupt states in the world, seems to be more feasible in Kazakhstan's conditions. The use and consideration of foreign and international experience in the prevention and suppression of corruption in the public service system of the Republic of Kazakhstan is also due, in our opinion, to the fact that the basic laws of the functioning of the bureaucracy are universal and, as practice shows, largely independent of national specifics.

Singapore's Anti-corruption Policy

According to Transparency International's Corruption Perception Index for 2008, Singapore ranks among the cleanest states in terms of corruption after Denmark, Sweden, and New Zealand. This country is the fourth of the least corrupt countries in the world with an overall rating of 9.2 points out of 10[5]. His authorities were really able to create an effective mechanism to combat corruption, which really works and gives results.

The inspirer and organizer of the fight against corruption in Singapore was the former Prime Minister, Mr. Lee Kuan Yew (1959-1990). In November 1999, Mr. Lee stated: "An honest, effective government with an unblemished reputation has been and remains the most valuable achievement of the ruling party and the main advantage of Singapore." When the ruling party came to power in 1959, it adopted a powerful anti-corruption program based on certain principles. Mr. Lee noted that when the government is seen as an opportunity for personal enrichment, and not as evidence of the people's trust, it becomes an ethical problem. All societies claiming to exist for a long time must support the principle of honesty, otherwise society will not survive, he stressed. The easiest way to stop corruption is to minimize opportunities for public officials to act on their own, he added. In October 1999, Mr. Lee stated that Singapore's tough stance in the fight against corruption was a matter of necessity rather than simply maintaining national dignity. The reason is that Singapore wants to benefit from foreign investment, and for this it is necessary to exclude the possibility of using investment funds improperly[6].