Внешняя политика Пруссии и других германских земель в XVII веке

МИНИСТЕРСТВО ОБРАЗОВАНИЯ МОСКОВСКОЙ ОБЛАСТИ

Государственное образовательное учреждение высшего образования Московской области

МОСКОВСКИЙ ГОСУДАРСТВЕННЫЙ ОБЛАСТНОЙ УНИВЕРСИТЕТ

(МГОУ)

РЕФЕРАТ

для сдачи кандидатского экзамена по иностранному языку

(английский язык)

Тема: «Внешняя политика Пруссии  и других германских земель в XVII веке».

Выполнил: аспирант Моисеев Даниил Вячеславович

Тема научно-квалификационной работы: Вступление России в Священнную лигу в контексте внешнеей политики в конце XVII века.

Направление подготовки: 46.06.01 Исторические науки и археология

Направленность: Отечественная история

Форма обучения: очная

Мытищи, 2019 г.

Содержание.

1. Английский текст для перевода……………………………………………… 3

2. Перевод английского текста на русский язык………………………………7

3. Глоссарий…………………………………………………………………….. 13

4.Список используемой литературы и источников…………………………. 20

Foreign policy of Prussia and other German lands in the XVII century

Decentralized Germany

After Copernicus, a Polish theologian from the Kingdom of Prussia who became an astronomer, the Earth ceased to be the center of the Universe. After Columbus, Europe ceased to be the center of the world. The future was beyond the seven seas.

Events in Germany, which was away from the new sea trade routes, were suddenly pushed into the background by the transcontinental struggle between Queen Elizabeth I of England and the Habsburgs. At the same time, the forces of Protestantism and Catholicism in Germany balanced each other so well that for half a century after 1555 neither side violated the truce.

The defeat of the Invincible Armada in 1588 weakened the Habsburg Empire. Despite the fabulous wealth of Peru and Mexico, in 1595, king Philip II of Spain was forced to declare its inability to meet its debt obligations. The tension grew, Catholics with Protestants felt the winds of change.

The climax came in 1618 when the zealous Catholic Ferdinand II, Emperor of the Holy Roman Empire and king of Bohemia, attempted to reverse a deal he had made with Czech Protestants. The case ended with the so-called Prague defenestration – the Imperial governors were thrown out of the window in Prague, after which the thirty Years ' war began (1618-1648).

Apocalypse

The thirty years ' war was another round in the long struggle for the supremacy of Rome in Germany. This time it took the form of a conflict between Catholics and Protestants, at least at first.

In 1630, the forces of the Empire, led by field Marshal Johann von Tilly and Generalissimo Albrecht von Wallenstein, seemed close to victory. But Protestant Sweden and Catholic France began to fear total Imperial control. Paris offered financial aid to the Swedes who invaded the Empire. King Gustav II Adolf of Sweden for the first time applied elements of linear tactics, which provided the maximum power of infantry fire, and in 1631 won a brilliant victory in the battle of Breitenfeld. After that, he gave the army the order to level with the land of Bavaria. However, the following year Gustav Adolf was killed in the battle of Lutzen, after which France had to openly join the war.

Theatre of war in Europe, 1618-1648

As a result, the conflict escalated into a war between the Spanish Habsburgs and French Bourbons. Small fragmented German States were in this war just pawns or battlefields for stronger centralized powers. A whole generation had to give up trade and agriculture: what's the point of working if at any moment a huge hungry army could come flooding in, leaving behind only plague and corpses?

It is difficult to describe the state of Germany in 1648, at the conclusion of the Westphalian world, avoiding the biblical vocabulary. Something similar is happening today in Syria. At least a third of the population was destroyed, and in some lands the situation was even worse. If in 1631 in Magdeburg, the beloved city of Otto the Great, there were more than 20 000 inhabitants, by 1649 there were only 450 – the rest were killed in a mass massacre in the streets. Until now, the German version of the children's song "ladybug, fly to heaven..." mentions Pomerania in the fire.

After the war, such chaos reigned that no one knew exactly how many tiny States were formed in the end – according to some estimates, there were about 1800. In addition, there were more than fifty free cities and more than sixty Church principalities. All these changes are simply impossible to fit on the map.

What kind of future did the people expect after the shock of such a scale? The answer to this question – good or bad – lay in the East.

Throw to the East

After the thirty Years ' war, a new potential hegemon appeared in Europe. If the proportions of the population had not changed since 1660, France would have had three times as many people as today. Louis XIV, the "sun king", who ruled for 72 years (from 1643 to 1715), United this great nation. France could shut up any of the neighboring countries, and the dwarf States on the territory of Western and southern Germany did not go with it in any comparison.

More fortunate were the large German dynasties – the Austrian branch of the Habsburgs, the Saxon vettin Dynasty and the newly minted Hohenzollern dynasty, which bore the title of Margrave of Brandenburg from 1415. Fortunately, they were all far from France, and their possessions had no common borders with it. And again it was confirmed that the fate is determined by geography.

Germany: dynasties that are lucky

Friedrich Wilhelm I of the Hohenzollern family, ruler of Brandenburg-Prussia (these lands were United in 1618), was a Duke who formally obeyed the Polish crown. Poles, Swedes and Russians, fighting among themselves, considered Prussia as a potential, but secondary ally. However, in 1657 Friedrich Wilhelm wiped the nose of them all, having achieved the sovereignty of Prussia, and began to form his own army. When the invincible Swedes made an attempt to invade, he struck the whole of Europe – June 18, 1675 the Prussian army successfully defeated the enemy at the battle of Fehrbellin, near Berlin. Now Friedrich Wilhelm, nicknamed the Great elector, had real power: as the Duke of Prussia, he ruled an independent state outside the Holy Roman Empire (nominally remaining a vassal of the king of Poland), and as the Margrave of Brandenburg had the status of elector, who elects the Emperor.