Artificial intelligence

Artificial intelligence is the ability of a digital computer or a computer-controlled robot to perform tasks normally associated with intelligent beings.

People in the mid-50s of the last century were greatly impressed by the capabilities of computers, especially the ability of computers to accurately perform many tasks at the same time. Scientists and writers immediately had fantastic ideas about thinking machines. It is during this period that the first artificial intelligence technologies begin to emerge.

The authorship of the term "artificial intelligence" is attributed to John McCarthy – the founder of programming, the inventor of the Lisp language. In 1956, the future winner of the prestigious Turing Award demonstrated at Carnegie Mellon University a prototype of an AI-based program.

In the USSR, artificial intelligence also developed rapidly. Academicians A. I. Berg and G. S. Pospelov in 1954-64 created the program "ALPEV LOMI", which automatically proves theorems. In the same years, Soviet scientists developed the "Cortex" algorithm, which simulates the activity of the human brain in pattern recognition. In 1968, V. F. Turchin created the symbolic data processing language REFAL.

The 80s of the XX century became a breakthrough for AI. Scientists developed learning machines-intelligent consultants who offered solutions, were able to self-study at the initial level, and communicated with a person in a limited, but already natural language.

Since 2008, the era of technological singularity begins, which, according to experts, should reach its zenith in 2030. The integration of humans with computing machines begins, the capabilities of the human brain increase, and biotechnologies appear.

AI Principles

Before describing the technological principles without which the development of artificial intelligence is unthinkable, it is worth getting acquainted with the ethical laws of robotics. They were introduced in 1942 by Isaac Asimov in his novel "Round Dance»:

A robot or a system with artificial intelligence can not harm a person by its action or by its inaction to allow a person to be harmed.

The robot must obey the orders it receives from a human, except those that are contrary to the First Law.

The robot must take care of its own safety, as long as it does not contradict the First and Second Laws.

Technological principles of artificial intelligence

Machine learning (MO) - the principle of AI development based on self-learning algorithms. There are several methods of MO: training with a teacher – a person sets a specific goal, wants to test a hypothesis or confirm a pattern.

A neural network is a mathematical model that simulates the structure and functioning of nerve cells in a living organism. Accordingly, ideally, it is a self-learning system.

Deep learning is considered a separate principle of AI, as this method is used to detect patterns in huge amounts of information.  For such an overwhelming human work, the computer uses advanced techniques.

Cognitive computing is one of the areas of AI that studies and implements the processes of natural human-computer interaction, similar to the interaction between people.

Computer vision is the direction of AI used to recognize graphic and video images. Today, machine intelligence can process and analyze graphical data, interpret information in accordance with the surrounding environment.