Автомобильная промышленность США

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«Автомобильная промышленность США»

2018 год.

The automotive industry in the United States originated in the 1890s (Henry Ford) and began to develop rapidly in 1900, when there were hundreds of different manufacturers, with a noticeable spread of manufacturers of electric vehicles and steam cars, but won the cars with ice equipped with electric starter (since 1912).

Mass conveyor production of cars in the 1910s were able to master only a few firms (the first of them Ford Motor with the model Ford T in 1913), which led to the displacement of horse-drawn vehicles both from cities (saved them from horse manure) and in rural areas (replacement of horses with cars and tractors released from 1/6 to 1/4 of us agricultural land used for growing horse feed). Already in 1919, the registration of passenger cars amounted to 6.6 million, and trucks – 0.9 million.

As a result of fierce competition by the end of the 1920s, the monopoly position in the market captured and held only three of the largest concerns: General Motors, Ford Motor and Chrysler Corporation, which made the so-called big Detroit three, which successfully survived the great depression, when from 1929 to 1932, the production of cars in America fell from 4.5 million to 1.7 million also survived several small firms, including: Hudson, Nash, Studebaker, Willys-Overland, Graham-Paige, American Austin (Bantam) in 1932 Ford started mass production of V8 engines. The Ford Motor in 1930-1934 he participated in the creation of the Gorky automobile plant. The Soviet automobile plant ZIS in 1930-1933 was also reconstructed with the participation of Autocar. The American market of luxury cars in these years formed the elite of the American automotive industry, the so — called" three P " -Packard, Pierce-Arrow and Peerless. Also, the premium brands of General Motors (Cadillac and La Salle) and Ford (Lincoln), which even mastered the production of powerful V12 and V16 engines, were almost not affected. During the great depression survived and a number of small manufacturers of expensive cars, but most of them — Auburn, Cord, Duesenberg, Pierce-Arrow, Peerless, Franklin, Marmon, Ruxton, Stearns-Knight and Stutz — during the 1930s were forced to curtail the production of cars.

The second world war, brought the American automotive industry (as well as the entire American industry) huge revenues, including through the transfer of industry to the military rails, when car companies produced in addition to military vehicles (the most famous of them: Willys MB, Dodge WC-51, GMC CCKW, Studebaker US6); tanks — M3 Lee, M4 Shermann and so on.; armored vehicles M2 and M3; amphibians Ford GPA and DUKW-353 and Dr; aircraft Consolidated b-24 Liberator, Grumman TBF Avenger; torpedo boats; aircraft and tank engines and other weapons. In February 1942, a ban was imposed on the production of passenger cars (produced only jeeps and individual batches of sedans for the needs of rear services and headquarters), which was canceled in August 1945, which created a huge deficit in the market (wages and savings of citizens in us $ not depreciated as in other countries).

After the war, in the period 1945-1949, new cars were sold only for cash and, as a rule, with a large overpayment. Therefore, The big three continued to develop successfully and produced about three quarters of all cars in the world by 1950 (8 005 859 of 10 577 426). However, in 1948 such an innovative project as Tucker failed. The rise of the market continued until 1952, but then followed a new decline, which ended in 1955 with the transition Of the big three and other manufacturers in the style of "Detroit Baroque". As a result, other small car firms in the mid – second half of the 1950s in pairs merged into three companies: American Motors, Kaiser-Willys and Studebaker-Packard. The latter went bankrupt in 1962, and in 1970 the company Kaiser-Jeep was acquired by American Motors, which in turn in 1987 was absorbed by Chrysler. Since the late 1950's in the us market a significant competition in the segment of subcompact machines was West German company Volkswagen model Beetle. In response, a number of compact models were developed: the classic Rambler and Ford Falcon and rear-engined Chevrolet Corvair. The latest model was so dangerous that it caused widespread public criticism (the book "Dangerous at any speed"), which led to the release of laws on car safety (including environmental).